Most of the colleges of education in the United States are doing an inadequate job of 1 elementary teachers for teaching children to read, a recent report by the US National Council on Teacher Quality (NCTQ) 2 .
Teacher-education programmes across the US are failing to teach the five elements of effective reading instruction that research has proved are 3 — phonemic (音素的，音位的) awareness, phonics (读音法), vocabulary, fluency and comprehension, 4 "What Education Schools Aren"t Teaching About Reading and What Elementary Teachers Aren"t Learning," 5 by NCTQ.
The report"s authors gathered information on required reading courses from a sample that was deemed 6 the nation"s nearly 1,300 teacher-education programmes.
"Almost all of the 72 7 in our sample earned a "falling" grade," the report says. Only 11 per cent of the colleges reviewed taught all the 8 , while nearly one- fourth didn"t appear to teach any of them. Those elements 9 necessary for effective reading instruction in the 2000 report of the US National Reading Panel (NRP) and have been the driving force behind state and federal 10 for raising student achievement ever since.
Many colleges of education have already begun reorganizing their reading courses to include more of the research on effective instruction.