Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in s
While some agers may puff on cigarettes to "self-medicate" (自我治疗) against the blues (忧郁), scientists at the University of Toronto and the University of Montreal have found that smoking may actually 1 depressive symptoms in some s.
"This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived 2 benefits of smoking among s," says lead researcher Michael Chariton, a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto. " 3 cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating effects or to improve mood, in the long 4 we found that s who started to smoke reported higher depressive symptoms. "
As part of the study, some 662 high school agers completed up to 20 questionnaires about their use of cigarettes to 5 mood. Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants, and rural schools, and schools 6 in high, moderate and low socioeconomic neighborhoods.
Participants were divided into three 7 : never smokers; smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate improve mood or physical 8 ; smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate. Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how often participants felt too tired to do things; had 9 going to sleep or staying asleep; felt unhappy, sad, or depressed; felt hopeless about the future; felt anxious or tense; and worried too much about things.
"Smokers who used cigarettes as mood 10 had higher risks of elevated (提升) depressive symptoms 11 s who had never smoked," says co-researcher Jennifer O"Loughlin, a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Prive Medicine. "Our study found that smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are 12 higher risk of depressive symptoms."
The 13 between depression and smoking exits 14 among that use cigarettes to feel better. " It"s 15 to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among agers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke," says Dr. Chariton. Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in s